Pharmaceutics I
Pharmaceutical development, calculations, unit operations, physicochemical principles, and biopharmaceutics.
Units
Introduction to Pharmaceutical Development & Dosage Forms
History of pharmacy in Nepal, classification of dosage forms (solid, liquid, semisolid, gaseous).
Subtopics (6)
- History of pharmacy profession in Nepal
- Definition and examples of dosage forms
- Solid dosage forms (Tablets, Capsules, Powders, Granules, Suppositories, Lozenges)
- Liquid dosage forms (Solutions, Syrups, Elixirs, Emulsions, Suspensions, Liniments, Injections, Tinctures)
- Semisolid dosage forms (Ointments, Creams, Paste, Gels)
- Gaseous dosage forms (Aerosol, Inhalants)
Pharmacopoeias and Formularies
Definition of Pharmacopoeias, Formularies (NNF), Compendia, and contents of monographs.
Subtopics (4)
- Definition of Pharmacopoeias, Formularies and Compendia
- Contents of Monograph
- Official Compendia (BP, EP, IP, USP, JP, BPC)
- Recognized pharmacopoeias in Nepal
Unit Operations
Milling, size separation, mixing, filtration, and drying operations in pharmaceutical industry.
Subtopics (5)
- Milling: Hammer mill, Ball mill, Colloidal mill
- Size Separation: Sieves, standards, Cyclone separator
- Mixing and Homogenization: Double cone blender, Triple roller mill, Silverson mixer
- Filtration: Theory, membrane filter, sintered glass filter
- Drying: Tray dryer, fluidized bed dryer, freeze dryer
Heat Process
Heat transfer methods, evaporation principles, and pharmaceutical applications.
Subtopics (5)
- Heat and temperature definitions
- Methods of heat transfer (conduction, convection, radiation)
- Evaporation and pharmaceutical applications
- Evaporation pan and evaporating still
- Factors affecting evaporation
Distillation
Types of distillation including simple, steam, azeotropic, vacuum, fractional, and molecular.
Subtopics (6)
- Simple distillation
- Steam distillation
- Azeotropic distillation
- Vacuum distillation
- Fractional distillation
- Molecular distillation
Physicochemical Principles of Pharmaceutics
pH, buffers, rheology, surface phenomena, colloids, and reaction kinetics.
Subtopics (5)
- pH, buffers and Isotonic solutions (Sorensen's pH scale, buffer equation, buffer capacity)
- Rheology: Viscosity, Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids, capillary viscometer
- Surface and Interfacial Tension (Capillary method, Drop method), Contact angle, Surfactants
- Disperse systems and Colloids
- Kinetics and stability testing (Zero and first order reactions, ICH guidelines)
Monophasic Liquid Dosage Forms
Solubility, formulation and preparation of syrups, elixirs, lotions and liniments.
Subtopics (4)
- Definition and advantages/disadvantages
- Solubility and factors affecting it
- Formulations of monophasic liquid dosage forms
- Preparation of Syrups, Elixirs, Lotions and Liniments
Introduction to Biopharmaceutics
Drug transport, bioavailability, bioequivalence, plasma concentration curves, and pharmacokinetic terms.
Subtopics (7)
- Definition and importance of Biopharmaceutics
- Mechanism of drug transport across GI barrier
- Bioavailability and Bioequivalence
- Absolute and relative bioavailability
- Plasma concentration time curve (oral, IV bolus, IV infusion)
- Volume of Distribution, Half-life, Steady state concentration, Clearance
- Loading dose, Maintenance dose, Elimination rate constant
Weight and Measures
Metrology, unit conversion, and calculations (percentage, ratio strength, allegation method).
Subtopics (5)
- Classification of weight and measure
- Unit conversion (system to system, unit to unit)
- Percentage and ratio strength problems
- Allegation method
- Isotonic solution calculations