Pharmaceutics I

History of pharmacy in Nepal, classification of dosage forms (solid, liquid, semisolid, gaseous).

• History of pharmacy profession in Nepal
• Definition and examples of dosage forms
• Solid dosage forms (Tablets, Capsules, Powders, Granules, Suppositories, Lozenges)
• Liquid dosage forms (Solutions, Syrups, Elixirs, Emulsions, Suspensions, Liniments, Injections, Tinctures)
• Semisolid dosage forms (Ointments, Creams, Paste, Gels)
• Gaseous dosage forms (Aerosol, Inhalants)

Definition of Pharmacopoeias, Formularies (NNF), Compendia, and contents of monographs.

• Definition of Pharmacopoeias, Formularies and Compendia
• Contents of Monograph
• Official Compendia (BP, EP, IP, USP, JP, BPC)
• Recognized pharmacopoeias in Nepal

Milling, size separation, mixing, filtration, and drying operations in pharmaceutical industry.

• Milling: Hammer mill, Ball mill, Colloidal mill
• Size Separation: Sieves, standards, Cyclone separator
• Mixing and Homogenization: Double cone blender, Triple roller mill, Silverson mixer
• Filtration: Theory, membrane filter, sintered glass filter
• Drying: Tray dryer, fluidized bed dryer, freeze dryer

Heat transfer methods, evaporation principles, and pharmaceutical applications.

• Heat and temperature definitions
• Methods of heat transfer (conduction, convection, radiation)
• Evaporation and pharmaceutical applications
• Evaporation pan and evaporating still
• Factors affecting evaporation

Types of distillation including simple, steam, azeotropic, vacuum, fractional, and molecular.

• Simple distillation
• Steam distillation
• Azeotropic distillation
• Vacuum distillation
• Fractional distillation
• Molecular distillation

pH, buffers, rheology, surface phenomena, colloids, and reaction kinetics.

• pH, buffers and Isotonic solutions (Sorensen's pH scale, buffer equation, buffer capacity)
• Rheology: Viscosity, Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids, capillary viscometer
• Surface and Interfacial Tension (Capillary method, Drop method), Contact angle, Surfactants
• Disperse systems and Colloids
• Kinetics and stability testing (Zero and first order reactions, ICH guidelines)

Solubility, formulation and preparation of syrups, elixirs, lotions and liniments.

• Definition and advantages/disadvantages
• Solubility and factors affecting it
• Formulations of monophasic liquid dosage forms
• Preparation of Syrups, Elixirs, Lotions and Liniments

Drug transport, bioavailability, bioequivalence, plasma concentration curves, and pharmacokinetic terms.

• Definition and importance of Biopharmaceutics
• Mechanism of drug transport across GI barrier
• Bioavailability and Bioequivalence
• Absolute and relative bioavailability
• Plasma concentration time curve (oral, IV bolus, IV infusion)
• Volume of Distribution, Half-life, Steady state concentration, Clearance
• Loading dose, Maintenance dose, Elimination rate constant

Metrology, unit conversion, and calculations (percentage, ratio strength, allegation method).

• Classification of weight and measure
• Unit conversion (system to system, unit to unit)
• Percentage and ratio strength problems
• Allegation method
• Isotonic solution calculations