Pharmaceutical Chemistry I
Inorganic pharmaceutical ingredients — preparation, properties, quality control, volumetric analysis, and chromatography.
Units
Introduction
Importance of inorganic drug molecules, pharmacopoeia, and monograph interpretation.
Subtopics (3)
- Importance of inorganic drug molecules in pharmacy
- Pharmacopoeia and official monograph
- Interpretation of pharmacopoeial monograph
Acids, Bases, Buffers, Antioxidants & Preservatives
Acid-base concepts, buffers, antioxidants, and preservatives used in pharmacy.
Subtopics (7)
- Acid-base concepts (Arrhenius, Lewis, Bronsted-Lowry)
- Boric acid, Hydrochloric acid, Strong ammonia solution
- Calcium hydroxide, Sodium hydroxide
- Buffer solutions and capacity
- Citric acid, Sodium citrate, Sodium phosphate
- Antioxidants and Preservatives: Sodium benzoate, Methylparaben, Propylparaben
- Sodium metabisulphite, BHA, BHT
Gastrointestinal Agents
Antacids, protective agents, adsorbents, and laxatives.
Subtopics (5)
- Acidifying agent: Dilute Hydrochloric acid
- Antacids: Calcium Carbonate, Aluminium hydroxide gel, Magnesium Hydroxide, Magaldrate, Magnesium Trisilicate
- Rational combination antacid therapy
- Protective and adsorbents: Bismuth subsalicylate, Light Kaolin
- Laxative: Magnesium Sulphate
Topical Agents
Protective, antimicrobial, and astringent agents for topical use.
Subtopics (4)
- Protective: Talc, Zinc Oxide, Calamine
- Antimicrobial: H₂O₂, KMnO₄, Chlorinated lime, Iodine, Povidone iodine, Silver nitrate
- Sulphur compounds: Precipitated sulphur, Selenium sulphide
- Astringents: Alum, Zinc sulphate
Inorganic Compounds in Dentistry
Anti-caries agents, dentifrices, and desensitizing agents.
Subtopics (3)
- Anti-caries: Sodium fluoride, Stannous fluoride
- Dentifrices: Calcium carbonate, Dibasic calcium phosphate
- Desensitizing: Potassium nitrate, Strontium chloride
Miscellaneous Agents
Inhalants, expectorants, antidotes, and hematinics.
Subtopics (4)
- Inhalants: Oxygen, Carbon dioxide
- Expectorants: Ammonium chloride, Potassium iodide
- Antidotes: Sodium nitrite, Activated Charcoal
- Hematinics: Ferrous Fumarate
Major Intra & Extracellular Electrolytes
Physiological role of electrolytes, replacement therapy, acid-base balance.
Subtopics (4)
- Physiological role of major electrolytes (Cl, PO₄, HCO₃, Na, K, Ca, Mg)
- Replacement therapy: Sodium chloride, Potassium chloride, Calcium gluconate
- Acid-base balance: Sodium acetate, Potassium acetate, Sodium bicarbonate, Potassium citrate
- Combination therapy: Ringer Lactate solution, ORS
Radiopharmaceuticals & Radio-opaque Contrast Media
Radioactivity, radioisotopes, and contrast media.
Subtopics (3)
- Radioactivity, Alpha, Beta, Gamma radiations, GM Counter
- Radioisotopes: Iodine-131, Gold-198, Technetium-99m, Calcium-47
- Contrast Media: Barium Sulphate
Quality Control of Inorganic APIs
QC/QA, impurities, limit tests, identification tests, melting/boiling point, errors, volumetric analysis.
Subtopics (8)
- Quality control and Quality assurance
- Sources of impurities and Tests of purity
- Limit tests: Chloride, Sulphate, Iron, Heavy metals
- Identification tests for Cations (Al, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Ag, Na, K)
- Identification tests for Anions (Halides, Phosphate, Sulphate, Bicarbonate, Carbonate, Nitrate)
- Melting point and boiling point determination
- Errors, classification, minimization, Precision and accuracy
- Volumetric Analysis: Equivalent weight, Standard solutions, Concentration expressions (Molarity, Normality, Molality)
Titration
Acid-base titration, redox titration (iodometry, iodimetry), indicators, pH curves.
Subtopics (6)
- Titration terminologies (Titrant, titrand, indicator, endpoint, equivalence point)
- Acid-base titration: Acidimetry and alkalimetry
- Acid-base indicators and selection
- pH curves (strong acid-strong base, weak acid-weak base, etc.)
- Normality factor and normality equation
- Redox titration: Iodometry and Iodimetry
Chromatography
Principles and types of chromatography, column chromatography, HPLC.
Subtopics (3)
- Definition and terms in chromatography
- Column Chromatography: Principle, stationary/mobile phase, wet/dry packing, elution techniques
- HPLC: Definition and application