Pharmacology II

Antihypertensives, antianginals, heart failure drugs, antiarrhythmics, and lipid-lowering drugs.

• Antihypertensive agents (ACEi, ARBs, CCBs, beta-blockers, diuretics)
• Antianginal drugs (organic nitrates, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers)
• Drugs for congestive heart failure (cardiac glycosides, digoxin, ACE inhibitors)
• Antiarrhythmic agents (Vaughan Williams classification)
• Hypolipidemic drugs (statins, fibrates, bile acid sequestrants)

Sedatives, hypnotics, antiepileptics, antipsychotics, antidepressants, and opioid analgesics.

• General and local anesthetics
• Sedatives and hypnotics (benzodiazepines, barbiturates)
• Antiepileptic drugs (phenytoin, carbamazepine, sodium valproate)
• Antipsychotics and mood stabilizers
• Antidepressants (SSRIs, TCAs, SNRIs)
• Opioid analgesics and antagonists (morphine, codeine, tramadol, naloxone)

Coagulants, anticoagulants, antiplatelets, fibrinolytics, and hematinics.

• Anticoagulants (heparin, low-molecular-weight heparins, warfarin)
• Antiplatelet drugs (aspirin, clopidogrel)
• Fibrinolytics and antifibrinolytics
• Hematinics (iron preparations, folic acid, vitamin B12)

Insulin, oral hypoglycemics, thyroid/antithyroid drugs, corticosteroids, and oral contraceptives.

• Insulin preparations and oral hypoglycemic agents (metformin, sulfonylureas, DPP-4 inhibitors)
• Thyroid hormones and antithyroid agents (carbimazole, propylthiouracil)
• Corticosteroids (hydrocortisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone)
• Sex hormones and oral hormonal contraceptives
• Drugs affecting calcium metabolism and bone health

Histamine and antihistamines, serotonin, prostaglandins, and leukotriene antagonists.

• Histamine and H1/H2-receptor antagonists
• 5-HT (Serotonin) and its antagonists (triptans, ondansetron)
• Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes

General principles of cancer chemotherapy, cytotoxic agents, and management of toxicity.

• General principles of antineoplastic chemotherapy
• Alkylating agents, antimetabolites, and natural plant products
• Hormonal and targeted antineoplastic therapy
• Common adverse effects of cytotoxic drugs and supportive care

General management of acute poisoning, organophosphate poisoning, snakebite, and specific antidotes.

• General principles and emergency management of acute poisoning
• Organophosphate (OP) poisoning, atropine, and pralidoxime therapy
• Heavy metal toxicity and chelating agents (dimercaprol, penicillamine, EDTA)
• Snake envenomation and antivenom therapy in Nepal
• Common drug poisonings (paracetamol, opioids, benzodiazepines) and specific antidotes