D.Pharm · Year 2
Biochemistry & Microbiology
Molecular biology of living cells, metabolism, nucleic acids, immunology, microorganisms, sterilization, and microbial assay.
Units & topics
Open a unit to explore its syllabus and start focused practice.
1[Bio] Introduction to Biochemistry2 topics · 2 marks
Importance of biochemistry for health science.
- Introduction to biochemistry
- Importance for health science
2[Bio] Biomolecules6 topics · 20 marks
Carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, vitamins, and enzymes — metabolism and clinical significance.
- Carbohydrates: Glycolysis, Citric acid cycle
- Amino acids, Peptides and Proteins: Urea cycle
- Lipids and fatty acids: Beta-oxidation
- Relation of Carbohydrate, Fat and Protein metabolism
- Vitamins
- Enzymes: Coenzymes, Isoenzymes
3[Bio] Nucleic Acids & rDNA Technology5 topics · 15 marks
DNA, RNA, replication, transcription, translation, recombinant DNA technology, PCR.
- Nucleotides, nucleosides, nucleic acids, genes, chromosomes
- DNA vs RNA
- DNA replication, transcription, translation
- Recombinant DNA technology and pharmaceutical products
- Gene sequencing and PCR
4[Bio] Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests6 topics · 5 marks
Common lab tests: CBC, LFT, KFT, thyroid, lipid profile, blood sugar, urine/stool analysis.
- Complete Blood Count (CBC)
- Liver Function Test (LFT)
- Kidney Function Test (KFT)
- Thyroid Function Test
- Lipid Profile and Blood Sugar
- Urine and Stool analysis
5[Bio] Fundamentals of Immunology5 topics · 5 marks
Immunity, antigens, antibodies, vaccines, T and B lymphocytes.
- Immunity and its types
- Antigens, Antibodies, Immunoglobulins
- Vaccines, Sera and Antisera
- Types of vaccines with examples
- T and B-lymphocytes comparison
6[Micro] Introduction to Microbiology4 topics · 5 marks
Definition, importance, branches, and history of pharmaceutical microbiology.
- Definition and importance of microbiology
- Branches of microbiology
- Historical development of pharmaceutical microbiology
- Applications in pharmaceutical sciences
7[Micro] Microorganisms9 topics · 15 marks
Bacteria (morphology, gram staining, growth curve), viruses, and fungi.
- Bacterial morphology and classification
- Gram positive vs Gram negative bacteria
- Bacterial growth curve
- Nutritional requirements and growth factors
- Culture media types and preparation
- Staining techniques (Simple, Gram, AFB staining)
- Bacterial resistance mechanisms
- Virus: definition, classification, morphology
- Fungi/Yeasts/Molds: definition, morphology, pharmaceutical importance
8[Micro] Normal Flora4 topics · 3 marks
Normal flora of skin, GIT, ear, nose, and genitourinary tract.
- Normal flora of skin
- Normal flora of gastrointestinal tract
- Normal flora of ear, nose, and genitourinary tract
- Roles in normal physiology
9[Micro] Sterilization4 topics · 15 marks
Methods of sterilization and disinfection, sterility testing.
- Definition of sterilization and disinfection
- Methods of sterilization with examples
- Methods of disinfection with examples
- Sterility testing: Membrane filtration method and LAL test
10[Micro] Microbiological Assay2 topics · 5 marks
Microbial assay of antibiotics and vitamins.
- Microbial assay of antibiotics (disc diffusion and tube dilution)
- Microbial assay of vitamins (cyanocobalamine)